The Issue Of Criminal Law - 1495 Words

Students Name Teachers Name Date Criminal Justice The topics I am going to use are Criminal Law: It tells about the history, details and the reason that why we need to have some criminal law or laws and why there are so many different laws for different kind of criminals? Probation: Probation is chance to live in your own community by obeying some rules we will discuss what is the history of probation and what kind of importance does it have for society The job for probation and parole officers: It describes what kind of job do these officers have and what rules and responsibilities they have to follow. Criminal Law: I have chosen the topic criminal law because it seems to be interesting to know how and why so many laws formed and what the history of these laws is. It would be interesting to know the reasons behind categorizing these laws and the up gradation in these laws. Apparently a criminal is criminal irrespective of small crime or bigger crime but there must be some difference and that would be interesting to know that how small or big the difference could be. The present law is the result of a long development of legal philosophies. Regulations standardize relationships between people and gatherings. The laws of our realm are found in constitutional provisions and legal representations as well as in centuries of declarations by the court of law at all levels. The five categories of violations of the criminal law are: Felonies, Misdemeanors,Show MoreRelatedCriminal Law Issues1375 Words   |  5 PagesIssue 1: Homicide Rule: Homicide: The legal definition of homicide is the intentional, premeditated taking of the life of another human being. Application: In this case, the defendant Hal, upon witnessing what he believed was a crime of passion between his wife and Norm, intentionally killed Norm with a gun. Norm is dead as a result of the defendants actions. The cause is the misapprehension of Hal that a crime of passion was occurring between Wanda and Norm. There is no vicarious liability asRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evnaluatio1253 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation 1 Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation December 10, 2012 CJA/394 Troy Hokanson Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation 2 Introduction The criminal justice system is very important to American society. The reason for laws are to defend society from harm, makeRead MoreEssay on Roles Needs of a Criminal Justice Professional1378 Words   |  6 PagesRoles Needs of a Criminal Justice Professional Sarah Cavileer Kaplan University CJ100: Preparing For a Career in Public Safety September 18, 2012 As we all know – there are tons of social issues within the entire world that Criminal Justice Practitioners deal with, most likely, on a daily basis. One of the many social issues I’ve chosen is Prison Overcrowding. Prison Overcrowding is one of America’s most critical issues in the Criminal Justice system. Just as the name states, the problemRead MoreCriminal Procedure and The Court System824 Words   |  4 Pages The idea of having a criminal law, procedure and a proper court system has been a concern and must in the United States since it was first founded. This concept is always under consistent speculation and undergoes changes almost every year. One of the most influential pieces included into the procedure of criminal law and the court system is the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was created by the representatives of America to not only enforce the idea of substantive law, but also create a frameworkRead MoreThe Drawbacks of Gun Control Legislation773 Words   |  3 Pages Gun control is many issues of this nation summed up into two words. In the point of view of some people gun control is a crime issue, while to others it is a rights issue. Gun control also is a safety issue and believe it or not, an education issue. Within each of these problems, there are those who want gun control legislation, and those like myself, who want less gun control legislation. The second amendment states that we as citizens have the right to bear arms and protectRead MoreEssay Ethics in Criminal Justice1263 Words   |  6 PagesETHICS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE CRJ 306 – INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE KRISTA L. JONES PROFESSOR COURTNEY SEVERINO July 29, 2013 Ethics in Criminal Procedure and Criminal Justice Actions and inactions all have moral implications; they are either right or wrong depending on the individual and what s/he believes or feels is right or wrong. Each person’s conduct can and does have implications and ramifications. For every action there is an equal and/or oppositeRead MoreYouth Violence, Three Strike Legislation And Drugs1660 Words   |  7 Pagespresent major challenges facing criminal justice leaders. In this report, the use of literature review to capture the statistics and factual material has been instrumental. Apparently, the rates of youth violence remains relatively high despite the attempts to enact legislations such as the three-strike law. Drugs and related offenses have also plagued many communities. To address these issues, the report provide various relevant leadership theories and styles that criminal justice leaders ought to followRead MoreThe Impact Of New Technology On Criminal Justice System1458 Words   |  6 PagesTechnologies on Cr iminal Justice and Corrections Our criminal justice system is very important to society. The reason for having laws is to defend society from harm, and to ensure that each person is kept safe, as well as to receive fair treatment. The criminal justice system works to defend the innocent and to punish the guilty without risking denial of an individual’s basic human rights. The past, present and future trends involved in the interface between components of the criminal justice systemRead MoreThe Role Of Criminology And The Criminal Justice System1565 Words   |  7 Pagesgoverned by the rule of law. Laws, policies, rules and regulations formulated by various arms of government set legal limits through which people can operate. As such, every person is held responsible for their decisions and actions as far as the rule of law is concerned. Violation of these set rules is a crime and it is punishable as stipulated in most state constitutions across the world. Through criminal justice systems, people’s conducts are judged according to guiding laws and principles and thoseRead MoreSolving The Consensus And Conflict Model942 Words   |  4 Pagesthe consensus and conflict models as explanations to the origin of criminal law. First it is important to distinguish the difference between the two models. According to the textbook â€Å"Criminal Justice Today† the consensus model is defined as a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice and the conflict model is defined as a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components function

Motivation Essay Free Essays

string(53) " it allows the individual to monitor their progress\." INTRODUCTION Motivation is the process of initiating and directing behaviour based on the persistence of effort to satisfy an individual goal or need (Petri, 1991; Robbins et al, 2000 and Robbins et al, 2001). There are two approaches to understanding motivation, each of which has theories expanding to support the nature of motivation. Content theories focuses on what motivates an individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In contrast to process theories of motivation which focus on how individual behaviour is motivated. This essay will focus on motivation in an educational context and the importance to provide opportunities and motivation for students. The purpose of this essay is to present a theoretical overview of the key differences between content theories and process theories of motivation. Then a programme developed from a theory to be applied to an undergraduate business course at Monash University. The motivational programme will focus on improving the assessment technique used by lecturers and tutors (â€Å"teachers†) that will motivate and improve undergraduate students learning ability. The aim will be to encourage students to gain a better understanding of the core concepts of business. Assessment in universities needs to be reshaped in order to motivate students. CONTENT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Content theories are also referred to, as need theories. That is, motivational theories that look at what individual needs motivate and direct behaviour to respond to specific goals. Many early theories from the 1950? s, include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y and Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory, established core concepts which have helped explain motivation especially in an organisational setting. McClelland’s three needs theory is a more contemporary view on the content theory approach to motivation that focuses on three important needs in work situations. Each theory identifies individual needs in order to understand behaviour. The main factors that underlie this approach is the need to understand that individuals have different needs, and what can be offered in response to these different needs as well as the importance on the external working environment to give individuals the opportunity to satisfy their needs (Robbins et al, 2000, p558). An example of a content theory of motivation is Douglas McGregor theory of the A? A ±A? A µeconomic manA? A ±A? A ¶. He proposed 2 contrasting views of human nature. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y suggested one negative (Theory X) and one positive (Theory Y) view on human beings. He â€Å"concluded that a manager’s view of the nature of human beings is based on a certain grouping of assumptions and that he or she tends to mould his or her behaviour towards employees according to these assumptions† (Robbins et al, 2001, p199). The negative assumptions were labeled â€Å"Theory X†, which held four dominant assumptions of workers. Workers dislike work and go to great strengths to avoid it. Based on this it is believed that workers need to be punished with tight control systems in order for them to achieve goals. In addition, workers lack responsibility, thus need formal directions from superiors to perform. Such Theory X workers are predominately motivated by lower-order needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy for example they need security. In contrast, â€Å"Theory Y† assumes higher order needs dominate individuals. Thus, Theory Y workers enjoy responsibility where they can exhibit self-direction and self-control. Therefore, in order to motivate workers, mangers need to provide a working environment that provides challenging jobs and minimal formalisation. Applying this to an educational context, it can be assumed that teachers can either have a Theory X or a Theory Y view of students. That is, teachers can view students as A? A ±A? A ·lazy or un-cooperative† (Theory X) OR as â€Å"being clever and work hard† (Theory Y). Teachers that adapt a Theory Y approach, are more likely to be attuned to students’ needs, actively participate with students to increase student skill-development and learning (OECD, 2000). It is important for teachers to become more student-centered. Therefore assessment must â€Å"focus more on student learning outcomes and students’ attitudes about what they are learning and their role in the teaching and learning process† (Carey, Wallace and Carey, 2001). This can be better understood by considering process theories of motivation. Process theories of motivation set out to explain how people choose a course of action they will pursue, not solely on individual needs like content theories. PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Despite the fact that content theories of motivation have helped many organisations understand employee motivation, many of their concepts alone do not provide a comprehensive understanding of motivation. Therefore, the introduction of another approach to understanding motivation was brought about. Process theories of motivation attempt to explain the process of arousing behaviour, sustaining and regulating the pattern of behaviour (Ames and Ames, 1989). Theories include goal setting, reinforcement, equity and expectancy theory. â€Å"These theories attempt to explain why people choose to behave in a certain way and the reasons they react as they do† (Robbins et al, 2000, p558). In contrast to content theories of motivation, which looked at what initiates behaviour to satisfy a need, this approach broadens the perspective of motivation. It looks at the underlying reasoning that influence individuals to behave and respond in a certain way. Therefore, motivating students by either punishing them to perform or encouraging self-direction, the goal setting theory, identifies underlying factors that achieve a given behaviour, which is the key to understanding the process approach to motivation. Goal setting theory states that â€Å"specific and difficult goals, with goal feedback, lead to higher performance† (Robbins et al, 2001, p770). That is, work motivation can be increased with goal specific directed behaviour. It also proposes that difficult goals, provided that the individual has accepted them, lead to higher performance than general goals. However, feedback is essential in the achievement of specific and difficult goals â€Å"because feedback helps identify discrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do† (Robbins et al, 2000, p559). In order to gain the performance benefits of specific goals, feedback helps shape the individuals behaviour. Better still, self-generated feedback is a greater motivator as it allows the individual to monitor their progress. You read "Motivation Essay" in category "Essay examples" Robbins et al (2000) suggested that goal setting theory is best suited to cultures were there is a moderate power distance, low in uncertainty avoidance and high in quantity of life like Australia and New Zealand. These ensure a reasonable level of independence amongst individuals and those individuals will not be threatened to take on difficult goals. Also the importance of performance is shared by all. In goal setting theory, â€Å"the characteristics of a goal and attitudes towards it are thought to be influenced by incentives, self-perceptions and the manner in which the goals are set† (Brotherton, 1999, p36). Therefore, in an educational context the teacher and student need to work together to determine behavioural strategies that will lead to performance. End-of course evaluations conducted by Monash University A? A ±A? A ·elicit students’ attitudes about instructors and the role that they play in the teaching/learning process† (Carey, Wallace and Carey, 2001). Such instruments assess students’ motivation for learning and allow for continuous course and program improvement. MOTIVATIONAL PROGRAMME Feedback from end-of course evaluations â€Å"usually prompts an ongoing adaptation of a course to the emerging learning needs of its students† (Panasuk and Leabaron, 1999). It was found that â€Å"students consistently expressed views that new assessment motivated them to work in different ways† (Sambell and McDowell, 1998). The aim in developing motivational programme for undergraduate students will focus on assessment reform applying the goal setting theory. This proposition will encourage students to target specific goals, in hope that it will result in higher performance. The programme will involve students in their evaluation process in order to motivate them to actively participate in their skill-development and improve learning. Every act of assessment gives a message to students about what they should be learning and how they should go about it† (Sambell and McDowell, 1998). The programme will suggest that goals based evaluation criteria will improve students’ motivation in turn achieving a greater level of performance. The programme will focus on behaviour related to undergraduate business students at Monash University. It w ill include a check mark grading system that will be designed around behavioural objectives. The check-mark systems sets a specific standard for document quality, and instructors give a paper a â€Å"check mark† when it meets the standard† (Sorenson, Savage and Hartman, 1993). Students are required to set their own achievement goals, in terms of grades based on their overall subject result. That way they can evaluate their progress toward their goals on their own with each assignment mark. â€Å"This necessitates defining goals for oneself, using self-directed strategies to accomplish these goals, and assessing progress† (Larsen and Thisted, 1999). The programme will involve behavioural objective questionnaires that will identify what the students want to achieve at Monash. This will include long-term goals (degree completion) as well as short-term goals (average subject result e. g. distinction, right down to improving structure of writing). â€Å"Defining tasks in terms of short-term goals can help students to associate effort with success, but of course long-term goals are also needed if students are to become lifelong â€Å"learners† (OECD, 2000, p. 31). It will also involve social objectives (develop a good rapport with teachers). Using behavioural objectives may help students organize and structure† their learning and â€Å"may produce positive attitudes toward learning† (Sorenson, Savage and Hartman, 1993). Also, they outline behavioural objectives of each student, which are associated with goal difficulty. In addition, a student performance evaluation form is to be handed in with each assignment, ou tlining specific goals that the essay is to achieve. For example, good use of relevant and current references, each paragraph systematically links one to the other etc. Also the overall mark the student expects on the assignment based on their effort. From this teachers are to use the check mark system and self-evaluation system to grade the work. It is very important to give feedback, especially in relation to student evaluation forms outlining their objectives. Limited feedback such as â€Å"meaning well done or â€Å"meaning re-consider, needs to be more specific. Effective feedback should provide shorthand comments, throughout the paper and on the marking sheet, clearly clarifying any issues. Such feedback is called evaluative feedback. Evaluative feedback helps the individual understand the performance information by comparing it to standards or to the individual’s own past performance† (Larsen and Thisted, 1999). In addition, it is important to direct them where possible to achieve a higher mark, therefore feedback needs to be constructive. â€Å"Constructive feedback is task-specific and focuses attention on the task† (L arsen and Thisted, 1999). By focusing on the task and â€Å"providing target objectives results in the achievement of more objectives† (Sambell and McDowell, 1998). When students use the check-mark system, they can identify what they must do to achieve higher marks. Obviously, the goal difficulty set by students varies among the constraints of his/her ability. In this programme, it is important to provide specific feedback and include student participation in selecting objectives. In light of this, between the behavioural objectives system, grading method and student outcomes, students should actually be motivated to increase performance under these systems. CONCLUSION The theoretical issues proposed in motivational theories such as the economic man developed by McGregor and the benefits of setting specific and difficult goals are important. The distinction on how they motivate an individual is a major influence on behaviour. Applying motivational theory to an educational context we draw our attention toward skill development, satisfaction and achievement. In developing a motivational programme, the focus was on assessment reform focusing on undergraduate business students at Monash University. Teachers and students need to work together in assessing ones performance. It is believed that â€Å"individuals are mutually motivated to learn when they do not have to fear failure, when they perceive what they are learning as being personally meaningful and relevant and when they are in respectful and supportive relationships with teachers† (OECD, 2000, p29). Therefore, by using a goal setting approach to motivate students, student participation in selection of objectives in as â€Å"research on the motivational value of goals, both the check-mark and behavioural/performance objective systems seem to motivate students to improve performance† (Sorenson, Savage and Hartman, 1993). However, with today’s rapid change and emergence of new knowledge and theory, universities will have more concepts on which to build and develop on â€Å"motivating the school’s participants so as to obtain the best possible educational results† (Panasuk and Lebaron, 1999). http://www. writing-expert. com/blog/sample-essays/essay-on-motivation. html How to cite Motivation Essay, Essay examples

Major Charity Organizations and Agencies †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Major Charity Organizations and Agencies. Answer: Introduction: Many homeless people are living in the streets and shelter homes in the capital city of Australia, Sydney. According to some research done to collect data concerning the number of homeless people that can be found in Sydney, street counts were conducted with the aim of determining the current number of these people. Additionally, the homeless people who are in a temporary shelter and homelessness homes were also counted. These counts are often conducted twice a year, and according to the latest count that was done, that is in August 2017, it was determined that 433 people were rough sleepers and another 600 were found to be sleeping in the temporary and crisis accommodation areas during the time of the counting. Regarding the number of hotels or restaurants that were found to have leftover food to spare, research shows that more than ninety percent of restaurants in Sydney often have uneaten food that they usually through away or some of the workers in these restaurants typically take home instead of this food being thrown away. After these restaurants being approached and given this business idea, they were very willing to be part of this charity project because of the benefits that these restaurants would have. Concerning the idea of the market, it is readily available because of the availability of homeless people who stay in these shelters thus it is a guarantee that this plan will work. Furthermore, the smooth acceptance by Uber Company to take part in the fulfilling of this idea is another aspect that will ensure its success. Moreover, the idea of taking part in this charity initiative will lead to Uber and the restaurants avoiding substantial taxes by the government. Furthermore, these businesses will become more famous among people because of the aspect of taking part in charity work. Additionally, people will be able to donate to the charity and Uber. Therefore, they will also benefit. As for the restaurant, there will be no form expense thus leading to a win-win situation. As for homeowners, this idea will be able to help them keep their home environment clean because often, they have to clean their homes because of the leftover food. Furthermore, they do not have to use their containers because the Uber drivers will come with containers to put the food. These containers will be provided by the charity. The idea of one knowing that he or she is helping a needy person will make these homeowners feel good about themselves. Concerning the issue of funding of this idea so that it can take off, being a nonprofit charity idea, we could ask for funding from the government and also well-wishers. Furthermore, we can even ask for funds from other major charity organizations and also nongovernmental agencies concerned with helping the homeless people. These funds will be used for the initial development of the application and buying of the containers that will be used by the Uber drivers for the storage of the food leftovers. The initial cost of developing the app and getting the containers to be given to Uber drivers will be $2000. With these two aspects done, we will depend on well-wishers and donations from people to run the program. The primary aim of this idea is to ensure that at least all the homeless people in shelters in Sydney at least get a meal daily. It is expected to be a success concerning the amount of food waste that is being wasted every day from restaurants and homes. This is an idea that is supposed to change the lives of these homeless people for the better.

WOMEN IN SCIENCE an Example by

WOMEN IN SCIENCE There is an increasing concern in the last decade over the social norm regarding gender and its role in discrimination. The situation of treating males and females in different ways becomes much more complicated when ethnicity is strongly associated with gender discrimination. In particular instance, females of a specific ethnic group experience at least two forms of discrimination based of her race, gender, religious belief, age and social status. The term racism is strongly associated with hatred and prejudice of an individuals identity including any aspects of his identity and sexual orientation hence females experience a different manner of discrimination. International groups such as the United Nations have regarded racial and gender discrimination as two independent issues resulting in females continuing to suffer from numerous types of injustices. It is thus essential that the gender component of racial discrimination be well understood in order to draw actions towards racial discrimination that are helpful to both males and females. Need essay sample on "WOMEN IN SCIENCE" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed There are several instances when the issues of gender discrimination are interconnected with racial prejudice (Crenshaw KW, 2000). The interplay of these two concepts may take different modes and arise in different circumstances. One situation wherein gender is intertwined with the issue of racial discrimination is in terms of education (Sullivan, 1999). It has been discovered that the global literacy rate for women is significantly lower than that among men. The discrepancy in literacy rate between men and women is even greater in developing countries. More than half of out-of-school children are girls and that among illiterate adults, two-thirds are comprised by women. These gender-based illiteracy reports show that females have less access to educational resources which in turn results in a lower rate of participation in training programs. Such decrease in education restrains females in their full understanding and awareness of their legal rights, including the right to be employe d and to own real estate properties (CHR, 2000). The access of females to education through attendance in school is also affected by circumstances of early pregnancy, childrearing and domestic family responsibilities. The lack or insufficiency of knowledge on reproductive health among women due to poor access to educational resources further hampers the living conditions of women. It is well-known that education is strongly correlated with employment options and financial stability, hence women are at a disadvantage with regards to availing such opportunities. Another situation wherein gender discrimination can be observed is in the labor market. There is prejudice in particular labor practices wherein women in poorly developed areas or countries are restricted from equal chances of gaining employment. The situation becomes more complicated when these women come from a specific racial or indigenous group that is constantly being treated with prejudice. Now in order for these women to gain a living, they then opt to work in informal sectors which are not so strict with regards to race and gender. Unfortunately, these informal sectors are generally characterized by destitute working conditions, as well as provide minimum to no social protection and very small wages. This situation thus results in minority women being categorized as the lowest of the labor group. In addition, informal labor sectors do not have strict laws with regards to employment hence the rates of abuse and violence is high. Women working in the informal labor sectors thus usually have poor physical conditions and are generally sick, either physically or mentally. In other situations, women migrate to another country to work as a domestic helper and are assigned to a specific employer. A domestic helper is expected to live in the residence of her employer but once the contract expires and the employer did not plan on renewing her contract, or when the employer was not satisfied with the performance of the domestic helper, she is immediately asked to leave the residence and the individual ends up homeless. This condition of living on the streets has a great chance of making a woman sick from exposure to the cold and from insufficient food and water. It has been reported that ca ses of firing or termination of contract of female domestic helpers has influenced world health. There are also cases wherein the female migrant domestic helper attempts to return to her home country but once she returns home, she is either very sick or already dead. Another situation wherein gender is interconnected with racial discrimination can be observed among impoverished women. It has been estimated that approximately 1.3 billion individuals who are living in extreme need are women (UNDP, 2000). Such condition is strongly related to their inability to receive any form of education as well as training courses hence rendering them under-qualified for most of the available employment. Simultaneously, the trends of globalization and alteration in governmental laws have resulted in more problems for women because gender inequalities were exposed. One example can be observed among governments that do not provide unemployment insurance of single mothers or female heads of households. The merged effect of gender and racial discrimination may also hinder the retrieval of women to economic resources, including loans, credit and real estate property and can also affect the treatment they receive when they request for social services from the governme nt. Such hardship thus endangers women to poverty and financial hardship. Another situation involving the interplay of gender discrimination and world health is the gender-based violence such as physical and mental abuse (CEDAW, 2000). In this situation, females are more likely to experience more cases of violence because discrimination that is influenced by gender depicts females as the most defenseless elements of society. Inclusion of the concept of racial discrimination thus generates violence on females, making them twice at risk of violence. These kinds of circumstances tend to be more difficult because certain women from remote areas may be hesitant in reporting any violent incidents that they have experienced because they are concerned that no action will be performed with regards to their report or that their statement will be received with indifference or hostility. Certain members of the state may even disregard any reports of such type of violence for fear of being disgraced. It is unfortunate to know that in particular societies that follow a specific culture or religious tradition, gender-based violence is accepted by society. Any individuals who oppose such practices are usually charged for attempting to introduce Western culture to their traditional beliefs. There are other countries that treat gender-based violence as a ground for putting an individual in an asylum. The most significant issues facing women doctors today involve balancing a professional career and fulfilling a personal goal of raising a family. For the past decades, it has been observed that women doctors are either single or divorced because it is very difficult to provide time and attention in maintaining a relationship with a partner and even more difficult in raising children. It should be understood that before a woman achieves the goal of being a doctor, she has to undergo rigorous training. The first level of training involves completing an undergraduate degree. The second level of training involves completing a medical degree which involves taking medical courses and undergoing a medical internship. The shortest duration in earning a medical degree, given a full-time schedule in medical school, is four years. There are some female medical students who are only studying on a part-time basis because they would also like to earn a living while studying. The part-time status, unfortunately, prolongs a female medical students stay in medical school. After received a medical degree, a residency fellowship is often suggested in order to achieve a more specialized training in her field of medical practice. Each residency fellowship takes approximately 3 years. After residency, a medical doctor is also enticed to pursue a fellowship training which is important in providing additional experience in her medical field of specialization. Therefore, the total amount of time that is spent in order to become a well-trained medical doctor involves at least 15 years and this duration may affect a womans personal plans in marrying and having kids. In Russia, it is significantly easier to earn a medical degree because each interested individual received equal chances of being accepted to graduate school. In addition, there is not discrimination of a medical school applicant based on the individuals gender. Medical schools in Russia are also featured with financial assistance to qualified applicants, hence there is an incentive to the applicants and the medical students are driven to focus on their studies instead of worrying about where to get their funds to pay for the coming semesters and school years. Russian families also serve as a huge source of moral and technical support for a medical student. It is common to find the grandmother taking care of her grandchild while her daughter is pursuing a medical degree. This domestic type of support is very valuable in the life of a developing doctor. This also allows the female medical student to balance her time with her training and her personal life as a mother to her child and as a daughter to her mother. It is thus easier for a female Russian to pursue a medical career in her home country. A suggestion that may be helpful to a female doctor is that she could insert portions of her personal life between stages of her training as a doctor. For example, as soon as she earns her medical degree, she can get married. Then after finishing one residency fellowship, she could have her first child. This setting may be followed in any country a female doctor resides in because the training schedule of a scientist is almost the same around the world. There may be differences such as the quality of medical equipment and fellowship stipend, but doctors still go through the same stages of training and development. In particular countries in the East, there may be discrimination against women obtaining a higher degree. It would be helpful if the female medical student ignores these kinds of discrimination and just concentrate on her studies. The female medical student may also opt to pursue her medical degree in another country that does not tolerate any gender discrimination and then she may return to her home country with her medical degree and residency and fellowship experience. A good example for this scenario is pursuing medical training in Russia, where the social climate is much friendlier to both types of genders. References Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Report to the General Assembly, 55th session, 1 May 2000 (A/55/38); and Contribution of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to the preparatory process and the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, 29 January 2001 (CEDAW/C/2001/ I/CRP.3/Add.9). Commission on Human Rights (2000): Resolution 2000/13 on Womens equal ownership of, access to and control over land and the equal rights to own property and to adequate housing, 17 April 2000 (E/CN.4/RES/2000/13) and (E/CN.4/RES/2001/34), 20 April 2001. Crenshaw KW (2000): Gender-related aspects of race discrimination, background paper for Expert Meeting on Gender and Racial Discrimination, 21-24 Novem-ber 2000, Zagreb, Croatia (EM/GRD/ 2000/WP.1). Sullivan D (1999): Trends in the Integration of Womens Human Rights and Gender Analysis in the Activities of the Special Mechanisms, in Gender Integration into the Human Rights System: Report of the Workshop, 26 - 28 May 1999 (E/CN.4/2000/INFORMAL/). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2000): Poverty Report 2000: Overcoming Human Poverty.

Application of a social cognitive model in explaining physical activity in Iranian female adolescents Essay Example

Application of a social cognitive model in explaining physical activity in Iranian female adolescents Essay Example Application of a social cognitive model in explaining physical activity in Iranian female adolescents Paper Application of a social cognitive model in explaining physical activity in Iranian female adolescents Paper This study looked at the level of physical activity (PA) in Iranian girls and the link that this has to the high rate of obesity in teenagers.   Iranian girls have a higher rate of physical inactivity because they face cultural barriers that prohibit them from exercising in public. The purpose of this study was to use social cognitive theory to test the fit and strength of barriers self-efficacy, outcome expectations, self-regulation and social support in explaining PA in female Iranian adolescents. The study found that there was a 52% chance that girls were going to be more physically active if they had a good support system. The girls that reported that they were more likely to be physically active reported that they had social support from their parents and friends. The researchers felt that the results from this study will allow for future research and interventions not only for Iranian adolescents but also for girls in similar cultural backgrounds (Taymoori et al, 2008). This article offers some very interesting findings on the link between physical inactivity and the rate of obesity among adolescents. The group that the researchers chose to look at was interesting because very little research has probed this slice of society. Iranian culture and customs do not welcome as much probing into their customs and social norms as do some sectors of society.   As interesting as the study was, it was lacking in some important aspects.   First, the study mainly focused on just Iranian adolescents girls. The study did use a screening measure that was given to both Iranian male and female students, but it would have been nice to see the researchers take the study one step further and had a second test group of a different cultural background in order to show that the results are valid across cultural boundaries. Secondly, one of the measurements that the researchers used were based solely on the log that each girl kept about her physical activity.   Unfortunately, humans are incredibly prone to sometimes exaggerate the outcome on something like a personal log or a personal diary. The researchers really had no way of knowing if the girls accurately reported the minutes that they spent in physical activity or if the girls maybe fudged a minute or two in order to make their log look good when it was turned into the researchers. This article has a wealth of information that can be used and applied to American adolescent girls.   In America, many adolescent girls do report that they have a hard time getting more physically active. Girls have a hard time with being physically fit because as a society we still hold onto some of the antiquated ideas that girls should be demure and petite.   In school, girls that like to get out and run are more often then not labeled as the â€Å"tom-boy† and can in many cases be teased by their classmates. In looking at the results of this study, programs that help girls to become more active could be designed.   Peer exercise programs where girls work with a buddy on different types of exercises would be one way to encourage more physical activity.   A second idea would be to get families more involved. Mothers and fathers could both serve as valued role models in providing both their sons and their daughters with examples of good physical fitness.   As the study results showed, girls that have the social support of both their peers and their family are more likely to be more physically active. Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, Outcome Expectations, and Social Support: Social Cognitive Theory and Nutrition Behavior In the United States there has been a rapid decline in the rate of nutrition in the last ten years.   The researchers in this study took a look at this trend and used social cognitive theory to explain how other variables, like self-regulation and self-efficacy, may be the key to integrating healthier nutrition into the U.S. lifestyle.   The study looked at 712 church goers (18% African American, 66% female, and 79% overweight or obese) from 14 churches in southwestern Virginia. The study used data from food-shopping receipts and food frequency questionnaires.   The data that was collected was on nutrition that related to social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-regulation components of social cognitive theory as well as on the fat, fiber, fruit, and vegetable content of the food that the subjects bought. The results of the study showed that participants’ age, gender, socioeconomic status, social support, self-efficacy, negative outcome expectations and self-regulation made important contributions to their nutrition behavior (Anderson et al, 2007, p. 34). The findings of this article were very interesting.   As a society, people are often affected by how the people around them eat.   Eating is a social activity; we go out to eat, we eat at celebrations, and eating has been linked to many of the rituals of our society, such as the Catholic Communion. As a social activity, the ways that people in our social group eat are often the way that we will eat.   The findings of this study pointed this out very clearly.   As interesting as this article was it did have one area in which it could be improved on. The subject pool was very narrow.   The researchers used church members from one geographical area of the U.S.   Food preferences are different in different areas of the country and so to take those findings and suggest they would work across all areas of the country is a little hard to say.   If the researchers had used the same techniques on Californian beach goers, they might have gotten a much different result. The choice of church members also was a problematic factor.   People who attend church often have a set pattern of eating. They eat chicken on Sunday after church and certain things on the other days of the week.   It would have been interesting if other sectors of the same society would have been polled and to compare those findings with the church members. The researchers also only targeted Methodist and Baptist churches.   They did not look at Catholic or any other kind of church and it would have been interesting to see if the same results would have been achieved given a different church going demographic.

How Will A Social Media Management App Save You Tons of Time

How Will A Social Media Management App Save You Tons of Time Have you ever tried manually scheduling social media content? We’d be willing to bet you have. If not by choice, then by necessity. Sure, using  Word docs and spreadsheet-based calendars to create and schedule posts works. Manual calendars and templates make it easier to know what and when you’ll post. They’re certainly better than not using any sort of tool at all. They’re not necessarily ideal, though. They require a lot of copying and pasting. It’s also difficult to prevent human error when you’re moving content from one document directly into your social networks. So, if you’re like most marketers or content creators, you’ve probably tried using various social media tools to save time and get your content under control. There’s a big market out there, and a lot of them even work pretty well. However, few bring all the features you need into one app. And that’s what we think sets apart. How Will A Social Media Management App Save You Tons of Time?Create and Schedule Social Posts With One Tool Write your posts in a Word doc or a spreadsheet. Hand them off to someone else to review or edit. Copy and paste them into a spreadsheet-based calendar. That’s the old-school way of doing things. It’s a simple and time-tested workflow, but like we explained before, it isn’t perfect. That’s what makes ’s social post creation and scheduling features such a lifesaver. With the content calendar app, it’s easy to write posts, add images, and get them scheduled across most popular social networks, including: Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Pinterest Instagram Google+ Tumblr Instead of logging into multiple different services, you can sign into one and have everything you need to get started right at your fingertips. See All Your Social Posts on One Calendar Social media posts don’t exist in a vacuum. You probably have multiple campaigns and promotions scheduled at the same time. There are probably some one-off posts here and there, too. Once you have your posts created and scheduled, makes it easy to see them all in one place. Not only that, but you can also see all your social posts in relation to the rest of the content you have planned. It gives you easy access to a high-level overview of everything you’ve got going on. Bring Your Blog + Social Promotion Together If you’re investing time into writing awesome blog posts, you’re probably giving them some attention on social media. However, if you’re only sharing each post once (or maybe twice), you’re probably not getting all the shares and traffic you could be. Fortunately, makes it easy to schedule multiple posts to promote your content. Once you’ve written your blog post and scheduled it to publish, you can also create and schedule your corresponding social media posts. Collaborate on Cohesive Social Media Campaigns Having one place to collaborate, create, and schedule social campaigns makes life a lot easier. With the Social Campaigns feature in , you can create and schedule a standalone social media campaign. Your campaigns can focus on one platform, or multiple networks, too. Create and add a Task Template, and you can also create a reusable checklist so you don’t miss any important steps when creating campaigns. Built-in comments make it easy to communicate with your team and keep all your notes related to the project together in one place. No more digging through messaging systems to track down past communication. Quickly Access Your Post Performance Data We’re going to guess you’re not just sharing posts and then forgetting about them. Rather, you’re likely looking at your social media data and making sure your posts are connecting with your audience. That’s why we built Social Engagement Reports directly into . They make it quick and simple to measure your post’s performance within the app. Automate Social Scheduling and Effortlessly Reshare Evergreen Content If you’ve created social posts your audience super loves, you’ll probably want to share them again. ReQueue in makes it simple to reshare posts automatically at intervals you specify. You can also put messages into groups so you can organize posts to reshare into categories. Stop Feeling Stressed About Social Media Management So far, we’ve walked through a lot of cool features. But, what does this all mean for your workflow? First and foremost, one of the biggest benefits customers report is how much time they save. By bringing your entire social media marketing operation into one place, you can work more efficiently and effectively. By automating tedious manual scheduling, you can cut hours out of your work week, and spend your time creating better content instead of just copying and pasting. Cut hours out of your work week. Automate social media marketing with @:Unless you really love copying and pasting, that sounds like a way better option to us. And we’d know. We use our own product for every social message and piece of content we publish. The results speak for themselves. And That’s Just Scratching the Surface We’ve covered a lot of things you can do with . There’s a lot more to know, though, and the best way to get a feel for it is to use it yourself. Fortunately, we offer a free 14-day trial that gives you full access to everything our software can do. It’s powerful, but also flexible enough to customize and adapt to how you work. And if you run into questions, we’ve got a dedicated team ready to help you succeed. Give it a spin for free and see how much you can get done.

Negative impacts of tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Negative impacts of tourism - Assignment Example n the oil price on the economy is not supported by economic growth contraction and this remarkable fall in the oil price has been experienced by the economy for the first time. The present decrease in the oil price on the economy is not due to the fall in demand but increase in supply of oil on the economy. The consumption of oil on the economy is directly related to the economic growth. The fall in the oil price has negative impact on the exporters of the world. The fall in the oil prices will result in the deficit budget of the government and this requires the increase in the taxes and cut in the government spending. The decrease in the oil prices will result in the situation of budget deficit on the economy and emergence of various social problems. The fall in the oil price leads to the situation of weak global demand of oil on the economy and it leads to the decrease in the investment and consumer spending and increase in the debt burden. The fall in the oil price has negatively affected the economy. The crash of oil price on the economy has an adverse affect on the global economy. The decrease in the oil prices were considered as favourable for the countries like US and Japan where the price of Gasoline was very low . On the contrary the decrease in the oil price has affected severely to the oil exporting countries like Russia and Venezuela since Venezuela may encounter unrest on the economy and increase in the debt obligation and the fall in the oil prices have adversely affected the oil rich countries like Saudi Arabia as they will face severe loss if the price of oil continued to remain low. And this fall in the oil price experienced by the economy in the year 2014 has resulted due to the fact that the price of oil has rouse significantly in the year 2000 and with the increase in the oil price many of the energy companies gained profit through the extraction of oil from the difficult oil drilling places .In U.S they adopted the technology of drilling

Organization Policy and Stategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization Policy and Stategy - Case Study Example Retail sales, which were important in developing countries such as those in Asia, were less cyclical (Ghemawat 3). Asia was the growing market and its buyer power was weak because it had few cement manufacturers, high population densities and less cyclical demand. The industry was characterized by high barriers to entry in the form of high capital and energy-intensity requirements, cyclic demand and the maturity of the industry i.e. no major innovations had been recorded in the last 20 years (Ghemawat 2). About the competition within the industry we are informed that though there were six major international players, given their geographic diversification, they tended to be outperformed in any given year by competitors focused solely on local markets that happened to be "booming" (Ghemawat 3). Industry rivalry was not that intense. As for threat of substitutes, this only applies for the developed markets (Western Europe and North America) where due to the weather they prefer using wood or steel. But this would not be a big factor considering that the projected growth in these regions is at the lowest, close to 1% which is why the international players were eyeing the emerging markets. By the year 2000, CEMEX had become the third largest cement company in the world being led by the scion of the founder, Lorenzo Zambrano (Ghemawat 5). Initially, to reduce risk related to the cyclic core business, the firm began diversifying horizontally but after much thought they returned to their core competency area to seek growth through strategic acquisitions. This strategy saw the company grow to have the largest market share in Mexico before it began to spread globally. With this growth strategy, CEMEX moved from the United States to Spain to Latin America then to Asia and other regions. By December 1999 the firm had a presence in 15 countries. Still seeking greater international presence CEMEX dedicated US$1.175 billion

Communication and crisis Essay Example for Free

Communication and crisis Essay The paper focuses on essential communication in the community crisis situation described in the provided scenario. The paper includes the following: The individuals or groups that will be communicating inside and outside the organization during this crisis situation Potential advantages and challenges associated with communicating within the organization and with the public and private sectors during this crisis situation Differences in communication processes used in crisis situations, including what you learned from the situations in the scenario and how you might incorporate that knowledge to improve health care communication strategies Appropriate technology, such as social media, affecting communication during the crisis situation and how these technologies may be used to enhance communication How technology might be used differently now than it was during the crisis situations described in the scenario Media opportunities during this management crisis The paper cites a minimum of three sources, one from the University Library and another from the course textbooks or Electronic Reserve Readings, to support the paper’s position. Additional Comments: The paper—including the title page, reference page, tables, and any appendices—is consistent with APA guidelines as directed by the facilitator. The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white space. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed; spelling is correct.

Psychodynamic Model Essay -- Psychology, Freud

RAD is one of the least researched disorders in DSM and it difficult to diagnose accurately (Chaffin et al, 2006). There is also difficulty in distinguishing between consequences of maltreatment, disorganized attachment and attachment disorder (Prior & Glaser, 2006). In the United Kingdom, according to British Association for Adoption and Fostering (BAAF), only psychiatrists can diagnose RAD and any assessment regarding RAD must include a comprehensive evaluation of child’s family history and individual history (BAAF, 2006). There are other disorders that share many symptoms with RAD and they are often co-morbid or confused by RAD, such as anxiety disorder, Post Traumatic Syndrome Disorder (PTSD), social phobia and conduct disorder (Sadock, 2004). The developmental psychopathology models which are going to be evaluated in this essay are: psychodynamic model and the family systemic model. Psychodynamic Model Psychodynamic model was developed by Sigmund Freud to describe the process of mind as flows of libido (psychological energy) in brain (Bowlby, 1999). In Psychology, Psychodynamics is the study of the inter-relationship between several areas of the mind, personality, or psyche, as they relate to mental, emotional or motivational focuses, emphasising on the dynamism of unconsciousness (Freud, 1923; Hall, 1954). Psychodynamics, basically, focuses on the formation of psychic energy (Hall, 1954) and its distribution over the human system and development by the virtue of interaction among ‘id’, ‘ego’ and ‘superego’ (Freud, 1923). Some of the key believes of psychodynamic are discussed here. Firstly, Freud believed that the mind is like an iceberg (Freud, 1953) , mostly hidden, and that free association would ultimately ... ...of this point of view the member of family could understand the patient’s situation and they can help them to be treated properly, and the patient have the support of the family. On the other hand, stressing too much on the family and not seeing other issues around the patient could be a weakness. The disorder may be caused by a medical issue or genetic and the approach could be criticising to be reductionist from this aspect. Conclusion In conclusion, from my point of view family systemic model seems to be better to justify and explain the attachment disorder. As attachment disorder is directly grounded in the family and the child’s relationship to caregiver (Bowlby, 1980), investigating on the family system to improve and treat the disorder can be seen more logically better and also the patient can have the family support around and rebuild the relationship.

Montessori Quotes and Sensitive Periods

The sensorial materials â€Å"The senses, being explorers of the world, open the way to knowledge. Our apparatus for educating the senses offers the child a key to guide his explorations of the world, they cast a light upon it which makes visible to him more things in greater detail than he could see in the dark, or uneducated state. † The Absorbent Mind p 167, Chap 17 Montessori was very influenced by the work of Edouard Seguin. He specialised in working with mentally deficient children and had developed a series of exercises that helped to train the children's senses and to teach them the skills of everyday life.He also felt that the education systems of that time denied children the possibility to develop their individual potentials. â€Å"Respect for individuality†, he wrote, â€Å"is the first test of a teacher† and he contrasted it with â€Å"the violent sameness of most of education. † (Kramer, p 61, Chap 1). Montessori would also have been familiar with the work of Rousseau and Pestalozzi, both of whom emphasized the importance of the training of the senses. She started her career working with special needs children and had seen how effective the results of specific sense exercises were. Relevant materials: Practical Life Essay – MontessoriShe began to be curious about how working with such materials would effect normal children. Based on her knowledge of the earlier apparatus designed for this purpose, and on her observations of the children in her care, she began gradually to develop her own set of materials. It was always the spontaneous activities of the child that came first though, and the materials second. The need for order, exactness, self-correction and reflection – all were qualities that Montessori saw were needed in order for the children to develop as they should.When she saw that children were particularly drawn to certain activities she then concentrated on developing materials that would extend that interest. She carefully took each of the senses and thought how best she could help the children to clarify and expand their existing experiences. By isolating specific qualities in the materials and by grading each set in ever-refined serie s, she was able to give the children the ability to increasingly refine each of their senses. The sensorial materials comprise a series of objects which are grouped together according to some physical quality which they have, such as colour, shape, size, sound, texture, weight, temperature, and so forth. †¦ Every single group of objects represents the same quality but in different degrees; there is consequently a regular but gradual distinction between the various objects and, when this is possible, one that is mathematically fixed†¦ Every series of objects†¦ s graded so that there is a maximum and a minimum, which determines its limits, or which, more properly, are fixed by the use which a child makes of them. † The Discovery of Childhood p 100-101, Chap 6 Quotations â€Å"Our sensorial material provides a kind of guide to observation, for it classifies the impressions that each sense can receive: the colours, notes, noises, forms and sizes, touch-sensations, odors and tastes. This undoubtedly is also a form of culture, for it leads us to pay attention both to ourselves and to our surroundings. The Absorbent Mind, p 167, Chap 17 â€Å"To teach a child whose senses have been educated is quite a different thing from teaching one who has not had this help. Any object presented, any idea given, any invitation to observe, is greeted with interest, because the child is already sensitive to such tiny differences as those which occur between the forms of leaves, the colours of flowers, or the bodies of insects. Everything depends on being able to see and on taking an interest. It matters much more to have a prepared mind than to have a good teacher. † Ibid p 167, Chap 17 And if we look at the sensorial apparatus which is able to evoke such deep concentration (remarkable in very small children between the ages of three and four), there is no doubt that this apparatus may be regarded not only as a help to exploring the environment, but also to the development of the mathematical mind. † Ibid p 170, Chap 17 â€Å"In a pedagogical method which is experimental the education of the senses must undoubtedly assume the greatest importance. Experimental psychology also takes note of movements by means of sense measurements. † The Montessori Method p 168, Chap XII In order that an instrument shall attain such a pedagogical end, it is necessary that it shall not weary but shall divert the child. † Ibid p 169, Chap XII â€Å"The didactic material controls every error. The child proceeds to correct himself, doing this in various ways. † Ibid p 172, Chap XII quot;Indeed, it is precisely in these errors that the educational importance of the didactic material lies, and when the child with evident security places each piece in its proper place, he has outgrown the exercise, and this piece of material becomes useless to him. Ibid p 172, Chap XII â€Å"There is, therefore, no question here of teaching the ch ild the knowledge of the dimensions, through the medium of these pieces. Neither is it our aim that the child shall know how to use, without an error, the material presented to him, thus performing the exercises well†¦ Here instead is the work of the child, the auto-correction which acts, for the teacher must not interfere in the slightest way†¦ it is necessary that the pupil perfects himself through his own efforts. † Ibid p 173, Chap XII â€Å"Normal children repeat such exercises many times.This repetition varies according to the individual. † Ibid p 173, Chap XII â€Å"The education of the senses has, as its aim, the refinement of the differential perception of stimuli by means of repeated exercises. † Ibid p 174, Chap XII â€Å"Our didactic material renders auto-education possible, permits a methodical education of the senses. Not upon the ability of the teacher does such education rest, but upon the didactic system. This presents objects which, f irst, attract the spontaneous attention of the child, and, second, contain a rational gradation of stimuli. † Ibid p 176, Chap XII Experimental psychology has so far devoted its attention to perfecting the instruments by which the sensations are measured. No one has attempted the methodical preparation of the individual for the sensations. † Ibid p 216, Chap XIV â€Å"The stimuli, and not yet the reasons for things, attract his attention. This is, therefore, the time when we should methodically direct the sense stimuli, in such a way that the sensations which he receives shall develop in a rational way. This sense training will prepare the ordered foundation upon which he may build up a clear and strong mentality. † Ibid p 217, Chap XIV It is necessary to begin the education of the senses in the formative period, if we wish to perfect this sense development with the education which is to follow. The education of the senses should be begun methodically in infancy, and should continue during the entire period of instruction which is to prepare the individual for life in society. † Ibid p 222, Chap XIV â€Å"Aesthetic and moral education are closely related to this sensory education. Multiply the sensations, and develop the capacity of appreciating fine differences in stimuli, and we refine the sensitivity and multiply man's pleasures. Ibid p 223, Chap XIV â€Å"Beauty lies in harmony, not in contrast; and harmony is refinement; therefore, there must be a fineness of the senses if we are to appreciate harmony. † Ibid p 223, Chap XI â€Å"With the gradual emergence of knowledge and volition, it becomes imperative to establish some order and clarity within the mind and to distinguish what is essential from what is accidental. †¦ To satisfy this need, he should have an exact, scientific guide such as that which is to be found in our apparatus and exercises. † The Discovery of the Child p 100, Chap 6 Any object that we wis h to use for the education of the senses must necessarily present many different qualities such as weight, texture, colour, form, size and so forth. How are we to isolate from many qualities one single one so that attention may be focused on it? This is done by a series and its gradations; the objects are identical among themselves with exception of the variable quality which they possess. † Ibid p 101, Chap 6 â€Å"The perfection of this exercise consists in removing as far as possible all distracting factors.It enables a child to engage in an inner and external analysis that can help him acquire an orderly mind. † Ibid p 102, Chap 6 â€Å"A child is by his nature an avid explorer of his surroundings because he has not yet had the time or means of knowing them precisely. † Ibid p 102, Chap 6 â€Å"Every effort should be made to see that the materials offered to a child contain in themselves a control of error†¦ The control of error through the material mak es a child use his reason, critical faculty, and his ever increasing capacity for drawing distinctions.In this way a child's mind is conditioned to correct his errors even when these are not material or apparent to the senses. † Ibid p 103 Chap 6 â€Å"Another characteristic of the objects is that they are attractive. Colour, brightness and proportion are sought in everything that surrounds a child. † Ibid p 103, Chap 6 â€Å"Another characteristic of this material for a child's development is that it must lend itself to a child's activity. The ability of a thing to attract the interest of a child does not depend so much upon the quality of the thing itself as upon the opportunity that it affords the child for action. Ibid p 104, Chap 6 â€Å"Finally, there is another principle that is common to all the material devised for a child's education. It is one that has been little understood until now and yet is of the greatest importance, namely, that the material should b e limited in quantity. † Ibid p 104, Chap 6 â€Å"One should begin the process with a very few contrasting stimuli so that the child can later pass on to a large number of similar objects but with always finer and less perceptible differences. Ibid p 112, Chap 7 â€Å"In order to give an even more complete idea of the differences between objects, it is well to include identical objects along with those which are strongly contrasted. † Ibid p 113, Chap 7 â€Å"†¦ Montessori deliberately set about trying to help the child to make these abstractions more easily and more accurately. That is, in fact, one of the main purposes of the sensorial materials; each of which is designed to help the child's mind to focus on some particular quality†¦She has been able to do this by making use of the principle of the ‘isolation of stimulus'. † Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work p 161, Chap 7 â€Å"†¦ the function of the sensorial materials is not to presen t the child with new impressions (of size, shape, colour and so forth) but to bring order and system into the myriad impressions that he has already received and is still receiving. † Id p 161, Chap IX Study guide The Montessori Method – Chapter XII, XIV The Discovery of the Child – Chapter 6 Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work – Chapter 7 Journal articles

Glocalization

WC = 1,489 GEO 101 Dr. Housel April 20, 2012 Nike – Hilversum, The Netherlands Hilversum, The Netherlands Hilversum, The Netherlands Beaverton, OR Beaverton, OR Have you ever heard of the phrase â€Å"Just Do It? † Do you know what the ‘Swoosh’ is that represents Nike’s logo? Nike’s headquarters in the United States is in Beaverton, Oregon and became a mainstream sporting sales corporation in 1978. The popularity of their apparel increased when multiple athletes signed a contract to promote and wear Nike in sporting events.Since citizens in other countries thrived on Nike clothing, Nike finally went overseas to build a corporation in The Netherlands (or The Dutch); this project was complete in 1999. The headquarters is located with easy access to the train station and was the site of a former harness track and Olympic training ground (McDonough). Nike products are sold to customers around the world. The athletic gear is made to have style and catch the eye of others. If the sales were good and there wasn’t a relapse, then why did Nike go overseas?In 2007, Nike got a lift courtesy of favorable exchange rates; a weaker dollar means greater sales abroad, as the products are priced more cheaply (Forbes). The income that Nike receives is thrived on by many features including promotions, new gear, and athletes. Both promotions and new gear have to do with buyers altering their costs to Nike for their deals and willingness to pay for the product. Athletes are the ones who sign a deal (either with Nike, Adidas, Under Armour, etc†¦) to wear and encourage viewers to buy their apparel while participating in their sport.As Nike moved into Europe where soccer is popular, more European soccer professionals made contracts with Nike. In past years, Nike has been one of the most prolific companies to excel in overseas sales with reaching 1. 48 billion dollars a year (Forbes). As football continues to be rise in the United Sta tes, Nike sales in football equipment are doing the same. Likewise, soccer is dominant in Europe, therefore more soccer paraphernalia is being produced overseas; every corporation will produce whatever brings in the most capital.The Netherlands’ most popular sport is soccer, with the Royal Dutch League being the largest sports federation in the country with over a million players (WIKI). Following the transaction of Nike going to Hilversum, The Netherlands National Soccer Team that participates in the Olympics changed sponsors to Nike in appreciation and to support the new corporation. Viewers realized the move and sales of The Netherlands gear rose to an all-time high. Another reason why they built in The Dutch was their living standards.The Dutch prosper through life with building wealthy families and neighborhoods to provide one of the most attractive places to settle in. The architecture of Nike’s Corporate Office in Northern Europe reflects the creativity and eye- catching techniques they believe in. When Nike went global, they made sure to adapt to the culture of The Netherlands and Northern Europe – if they didn’t and kept everything that Americans viewed as normal, employees may not feel comfortable in the workplace.Once the building was signed off, architects had already started implementing a plan to make the architecture of the new Nike European Headquarters match the unique, beautiful designs of other buildings in The Netherlands. The creative company of architects, William McDonough + Partners, has built many structures in Europe and this was their next challenge. In 1999, after years of work, the building was ready to be put to use and attract everybody in sight. The part of culture that sports, especially soccer, plays in Northern Europe is a strong.Therefore, it’d be smart to establish grounds around the Headquarters to promote athletics; and that’s what they did. The Nike European Headquarters site was once a former harness track and Olympic training ground that now continues the tradition of physical excellence through a jogging track, a central pond that freezes in the winter for an ice rink, and numerous athletic fields and courts (McDonough). Nike welcomes customers day in and day out to visit their grounds and enjoy the outside comradery with the rest of the community.Also, Nike created and bought multiple soccer attires to sell to the soccer-like customers in the region. As expected, the articles of clothing were a hit and that only created different types of soccer gear to be produced. The public was very intrigued with the effort and creativity of Nike employees, leading the entire Nike company (in both Europe and the United States) to receive gains of almost two billion dollars a year. A main environmental aspect The Netherlands flourishes on is ‘going green. Nevertheless, providing healthy air and helping the environment with an eco-friendly building is also what t he architects did. The Headquarters in Europe is said to be the most prominent example of green design and the green revolution is spreading to historic landmarks around the Northern European area now (Preservations). The building had success in doing the practice that they foresaw in the future. This architecture philosophy strives to minimize buildings resource and energy needs by using recycled or renewable building materials, solar power, and water efficiency (Preservations).The community was in awe when the building was finalized because they realized the new building in Hilversum was environmental friendly and did zero harm to society with saving energy. The Nike Headquarters in Hilversum opened up in 1999 – customers and employees immediately accepted the inside of the building because of the art placed throughout the structure. The art that is most accepted in Northern Europe is Flemish and Dutch due to religious backgrounds of most. Nike felt it would be more accepte d if they place these types of art throughout the building, in another way of a warm welcome to everybody that enters.The changes that Nike in Europe did from Nike in the United States put on inside is immense and the McDonough partners did a phenomenal job with it. In general, most businesses lose money when they outsource and go overseas. When Nike built in Hilversum, the attractiveness the building brought to the area encouraged everyone to visit, buy their apparel, and have fun outside the Headquarters. The main expense Nike had to worry about was advertising the new Headquarters and clothing that was being produced.But after Nike took a hit in the United States from low sales, Nike in Europe did more than making up the shortage and produced up to one point four eight billion dollars in the previous year (Forbes). The sales did not taper off, as they were seen to do, and Nike continues to be extremely popular in places other than just the United States. Nike building a Headquart ers overseas was one of the best ideas they could have implemented as a worldwide company. When they saw the sales weren’t increasing in the states and the dollar was down in Europe, they took the smart move and produced in Hilversum.Right away, the company universally flourished and provided a means of athletic gear to the European nation. The glocalization that Nike did made them even more of a world renowned entity to buy sportswear and to have attractive clothing that was bought at a great price. The takeaway for businesses expanding overseas is about competition and providing quicker access to items others don’t have near them. For instance, the competition that was brought to Europe when Nike moved allowed for those people to check out Nike rather than home-named brands that were in the area.Also, even though Nike was still heard of, they had to order it from the United States, which involved days of travel and excess money of shipping than if Nike was within ran ge of their homes. Before writing this paper, I didn’t realize that glocalization was a big part of how businesses excel overseas. After seeing the positives it brings, I believe more American businesses should expand overseas with a Headquarters (just not a sweatshop). I thought it was very unique in that Nike provided a place that made adapting simple to the new building; it created limited confusion and great attitudes throughout their new workplace.If I were a president of a company and wanted to receive more capital than I was getting, I would reach an identical plan to what Nike did and surpass any opinion or prediction that people would make on what the overseas business would do for the company worldwide. Works Cited McDonough, William. â€Å"Nike European Headquarters. † William McDonough Partners. William McDonough, 2012. Web. 06 Apr. 2012. . Farrell, Andrew. â€Å"Nike Swooshes Up Overseas. † Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 21 Sept. 2007. Web. 6 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Nike, Inc. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Mar. 2012. Web. 06 Apr. 2012. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. â€Å"Companies: Shared Services Centers. † Company Profiles. Oct. 2008. Web. 06 Apr. 2012. . Hawes, Alex. â€Å"Going Green. † Preservationnation. org. 27 Nov. 2001. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. .

Women in the Development of Science Essay

Women in the Development of Science Essay The Role of Women in the Development of Science, Engineering, Technology Sectors Essay The Role of Women in the Development of Science, Engineering, Technology Sectors Essay The gender inequality in science, engineering, and technology fields has been a contentious topic among social scientists, lawyers, and feminists for decades. Despite their limited entry to the areas of science and technology, women have had significant roles to play in these fields. The majority of females who have had a significant impact on science and technology have been advocating for equal opportunities and for a smoother entry into these areas. Contrariwise, technological change has had both negative and positive influences on the roles of women in the development of science and technology. Regardless of that, bearing in mind that more women are earning degrees in science and technology than men are, the future advancement of the two fields depends on the contributions of females and their longevity in the scientific careers. Gender Differences in Science and Technology Fields For decades, numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to explain the imbalance between men and women in science, engineering, and technology fields. Social scientists have studied the variances while lawyers have endeavored to fix the imbalance. Post-feminist society, on the other hand, seems to have come to terms with this fact. Nonetheless, men still outnumber women in science, engineering, and technology fields. In recent years, most blatant discrimination against women in engineering and technology fields has been diminished through academic, legal, and government measures. However, an atmosphere that is at least less than entirely friendly to women is yet to be realized, and its consistency is largely taken for granted. The percentage of females attaining doctorate degrees in engineering and technology fields has increased marginally in recent years. According to the National Science Foundation report, in 2003 women comprised just below one-third of doctorate degrees in science, while the engineering sector had just below one-tenth of doctorates awarded to females (Rossiter, 2012, p. 375). Yet, few women hold the top-level faculty spots. The National Science Foundation reveals that in 1972 women made up approximately 3 percent of full-time professors in engineering and technology fields; this figure has risen to 10 percent in less than three decades (Rossiter, 2012, p. 376). Roles Played by Women in the Development of Science and Technology Fields The science and technology sectors could not have attained their achievements with the exclusion of the contributions made by women. While their impact has been undeniably significant, it is necessary to highlight concrete examples of the contributions of females in these sectors. Jewel Plummer Cobb and Grace Murray Hopper are case examples worth to be mentioned. Jewel Plummer Cobb As a groundbreaking cancer researcher, cell biologist, and a brilliant professor, Jewel Plummer Cobb has had an unquestionable impact on the scientific community. Her research on skin cells that create melanin has reached its culmination when she has shown how the cells develop into cancerous cells (Ceci Williams, 2010, p. 7). Additionally, she has been in the forefront of campaigns for equal access to professional opportunities and education for women and minorities. Even with personal challenges such as increased sexism and racism Jewel Plummer Cobb has always been committed to utilizing her success for inspiring women to undertake the fields of science, mathematics, and engineering (Ceci Williams, 2010, p. 7). In the course of her professional life, Jewel Plummer Cobb worked determinedly to improve opportunities for women to venture into traditionally male-dominated occupations. Of course, there were monetary challenges, but she would turn to private sources for funds. Regardless of the obstacles she faced, she never deviated from her convictions that equal education was vital to a fruitful and independent life (Ceci Williams, 2010, p. 8). The woman believed that the hindrances that females face in the academic system were encouraged by cumulative disadvantage factors that prevented other women from careers in science, engineering, and technology fields. Jewel Plummer Cobb identified several aspects as deterrents to women in their advancing in male-dominated careers. They were the variance in socialization of the two sexes, weakened self-confidence, and hopes regarding the influence of children on womens educational careers (Ceci Williams, 2010, p. 8). Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper is known for achieving great heights as a woman and an innovator in the technology sector. Having attained a PhD degree in math, her academic achievements were already a rarity among women in the 1930s. In fact, statistics reveals that during the period since 1862 to 1934, a mere 1,279 PhDs in math were awarded (â€Å"Grace Murray Hopper†, n.d.). Grace Murray Hopper joined the women volunteer service, which was headed by the Naval Reserve, where she aided in designing a machine that would compute complicated calculations for the military at war. Her dedication to the task helped her team build the first programmable digital computer (â€Å"Grace Murray Hopper†, n.d.). After the war, she worked on several projects with key innovators such as the developers of ENIAC, one of the first computers ever created. Her ingenuity helped develop the first computer that used punch cards and the first programming language to incorporate English words (â€Å"Grace Murray Hopper†, n.d.). In the developing world, women have also assumed vital roles in the development of science, technology, and engineering sectors. Lydia Makhubu, for instance, the leader of the Third World Organization for Women in Science and a vice-chancellor of the University of Swaziland, insists that females have to play a pivotal role in shaping of the policies for sustainable development in the changing world (Dickson, 2002). Women have customarily been involved in health, energy, and food production industries, which are the focus of development. Due to their intimacy with the family, females have an exceptional attitude to science and its relevance, which highlights the human element of science and technology, as well as its importance in empowering humankind (Dickson, 2002). According to Makhubu, the majority of women choosing scientific careers opt for life sciences (Dickson, 2002). The move should be deemed a strong and encouraging action considering the issues of the developing world. She also highlighted that women have been actively involved in dissemination of culture, taking into account their intimate devotion to the education of children. As a result, females have been significant transmitters of norms and values across generations (Dickson, 2002). Due to their success in other fields, women ought to be in the frontline of the incorporation of culture and science, as well as in creating policies for research, and building a future where human needs form a harmonious foundation for scientific and technological endeavors. There is, thus, a need to reevaluate the relevance of females in the technological and scientific enterprises. This is the only way to achieve feasible sustainable development strategies, according to Makhubu (Dickson, 2002). Importance of Women in the Development of Science and Technology Fields In a 2015 discussion on involving more women in the fields of science and technology for significant growth in Africa, Ayodotun Bobadoye, a Research Officer at the African Technology Policy Study Network, reviewed the overlooked state of science and technology in Africa (â€Å"Engaging Women for Africas Future: The Role of Women in Science, Technology, and Innovation†, 2015). He asserted that approximately 0.4% of GDP in Africa was dedicated to research and development activities, ranking the continent the underdog in research output, numbers of researchers, and the number of registered patents and publications worldwide (â€Å"Engaging Women for Africas Future: The Role of Women in Science, Technology, and Innovation†, 2015). According to Bobadoye, the African Union Strategy for Science, Technology, and Innovation Development is profoundly flawed in its disregard for marginalized groups such as women, despite the fact they make up more than a half of Africa’s po pulation (â€Å"Engaging Women for Africas Future: The Role of Women in Science, Technology, and Innovation†, 2015). For growth initiatives to flourish, they must include women. Bobadoye proposed various ways to increase female’s involvement in science and technology sectors. First of the proposals includes mainstreaming women into science and technology strategies and policies. Secondly, one can enhance the participation of females by expanding access of young women to scientific education at all levels. Additionally, one can raise awareness of the impact of women on science and technology sectors and ensure ample female representation in policy-making endeavors. Moreover, one can create a universal hub of female scientists that would help in mentorship programs (â€Å"Engaging Women for Africas Future: The Role of Women in Science, Technology, and Innovation†, 2015). Effects of Technological Change on Roles of Women and Ideas of Gender In the last three decades, there has been an impressive rise in the number of women earning degrees in engineering, science, and technology disciplines. The growth tends to conceal other characteristics of the science and technology workforce demography. For instance, it masks the decrease in the number of white US men in the fields over recent decades despite they had been dominating the engineering, science, and technology workforce in the United States. However, by trying to balance the numbers, women are now earning more master’s degrees than men. A 2007 National Science Foundation report affirms that in 2004, US women earned approximately 58 percent of all bachelor’s degrees and 59 percent of all master’s degrees in all fields (Laurence, 2010, p. 4). In 2000, US females earned more bachelor’s degrees in science and engineering fields than men did, although they earned nearly 44 percent of the master’s degrees in the same fields. In 2004, US women received approximately 61 percent of PhD degrees in sectors other than science and engineering while receiving roughly 45 percent of PhD in science and engineering (Laurence, 2010, p. 5). The majority of the women who receive PhD in science leave right after they commence with academic employment. They exit the workforce due to certain obstacles that prevent them from continuing in the field or from realizing their full potential as professionals. While some of the barriers are new, Rosser documents that obstacles from three decades ago still linger, but taking the form of different, behavior, language, and structure (Rosser, 2004). The answer to the question why women exit the science, engineering, and technology workforce is not genetic nature or a lack of interest; otherwise, female students would underachieve their male colleagues in colleges. Existing data reveals the contrary: women outdo men in academics and graduate at a higher rate, while having a better attitude towards studies (Jhon, Lee S, Lee K, 2006, p. 124). Statistical research and case studies concerning those two critical factors are noticeable among the various forces driving women to exit the science, engineering, and technology workforce: the requirement to balance family and career and the lack of proficient networks (Jhon et al., 2006, p. 124). Marriage and family come with responsibilities that can shorten a flourishing career of both men and female engineers and scientists. J. Scott Long, a sociologist and statistician, argues in his book that single men and women contribute equally to the science, engineering, and technology workforce (Long, 2001, p. 26). However, a married female with a PhD has a 13 percent less chance of being employed than a married man with equivalent credentials (Long, 2001, p. 26). Moreover, if the woman has young children, she stands a 30 percent less chance of being employed than a single man (Long, 2001, p. 26). Females’ biological nature is often a cause of the dwindling numbers of qualified women in the workforce. Numerous studies documented women’s tussle to balance family and career life. In a 2004 survey conducted by Rosser, for instance, reveals that of the 450 female engineers and scientists working in research universities, over 70 percent mentioned the mounting pressure they had in trying to strike the balance between family and career (Rosser, 2004). They further admitted that this was their primary challenge faced towards attaining professional advancement (Rosser, 2004). Today’s technology has, on the one hand, eased the pressures faced by women in science, engineering, and technology sectors, while, on the other hand, even worsened the situation. Many higher education institutions are revising and improving their policies in response to the global focus on women’s involvement in science, as well as the shortages in science, engineering, and technology workforce due to the security measures launched after September 11, 2001 (Rossiter, 2012, p. 379). The security measures made it hard for skilled non-US workers to acquire US visas. To attract and retain more women to high-tech entrepreneurship and science, there is the need to transform the culture of science and technology into a more family-friendly and inviting venture. Owing to technological advancements, science, engineering, and technology departments in universities in the United States are incorporating finance, marketing, and management business training programs into graduate education. The increased advancement in technology has forced tech employers seek for employees who are refined in leadership, project management, and business skills. Women often did not receive such mentoring in graduate school, but technology has accelerated the need for training programs, which would eventually help a smoother transition of females into the science, engineering, and technology workforce (Rossiter, 2012, p. 381). Although men are no longer prohibiting women from their academic laboratories, cultural and institutional biases still exist and cripple female scientists. A solution to curb the inequalities in the workforce, which is low-cost and potentially widely acceptable, is the enforcement of existing antidiscrimination laws by the government. When the sixth, seventh, and the ninth titles of the Civil Rights Act are enforced, biased distribution of resources in faculties in terms of salary supplements, laboratory space, start-up packages, salary supplements, and university funding will no longer exist (Rossiter, 2012, p. 383). Next, the United States, as a whole, must disallow the depiction of female scientists and engineers as special interest groups. Women comprise almost half of the country’s population and now receive more undergraduate degrees in science than men do. Due to the income advantage that science, engineering, and technology professions bring, the failure to establish family-friendly relationships threatens to segregate women economically. Additionally, a 2006 research by the ‘Engineers Dedicated to a Better Tomorrow’ group affirms that females are more enticed with science, engineering, and technology professions when they consider it a tangible contribution to the society, as well as in improving local communities and the world in general (Rossiter, 2012, p. 384). In conclusion, the imbalance between men and women in science, engineering, and technology fields has been a major concern for decades. Despite the then-existing barriers to prevailing in male-dominated fields, women have somehow overcome the challenges. Unsung heroes such as Jewel Plummer Cobb and Grace Murray Hopper have had significant roles to play in the areas of science and technology, where they prevailed in the male-dominated professions and inspired women across the globe. The developing world has taken a different shape in identifying the roles played by females in science, engineering, and technology fields, mainly due to their difference in priorities comparing to those of the developed countries. Nonetheless, the significance of women in these fields is acknowledged, and measures to ease the entry of women to these fields are being enacted. Lastly, technological advancements have had its fair share of positive and negative impacts on females in science and engineering fi elds. However, with the ongoing policies to offer equal opportunities for men and women in the three fields, the future is more promising for the latter of the male-dominated professions.

Curriculum Based Assessment (CBA) for Students

Curriculum Based Assessment (CBA) for Students Curriculum-Based Assessment (CBA) is any form of assessment based on the curriculum that a child is mastering. Most CBAs comes directly from the textbook, in the form of tests- often in the form of chapter tests. Other CBAs can be taken from online resources. This is especially true for online worksheet resources. The following are especially helpful. The Math Work Sheet Site The basic worksheet generator for this site is free, although it provides a variety of useful formats in its members section. You can choose to generate worksheets by the format (horizontal or vertical) the number of digits, whole numbers, the range of numbers use. It offers each of the basic operations, mixed problems, fractions, measurement, graphing and telling time. The worksheets have large numerals that are well spaced for the large digits made by most students in special education. Edhelper.com Edhelper is a member only site, although access is provided to some items. The reading selections are not well adapted for children with reading disabilities: the text is often too close together for these readers, and the content is not particularly well written. My preference is always Reading A-Z, another member only site with excellent reading resources.Edhelpers math resources are excellent, especially for functional math skills such as money counting, fractions, and telling time. It provides several ways to show evidence of competence in each skill area. Money Instructor Money Instructor has both paid and member-only options. Many of the free options provide realistic (color) money for counting. These are excellent resources for children who have difficulty with generalization, such as children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Reading A-Z Reading A-Z is an excellent resource for special education teachers. It breaks reading levels into discrete levels from a-z for pre-primer through grade 6 readers. One of the advantages is that there is a great deal of non-fiction, which makes these lower level reading books age appropriate for older but very disabled readers. Not exactly the same as the Fountas and Pinnell levels, the website provides conversion charts which can be helpful if you are writing IEP goals with grade level goals (say, John will read at grade level 2.4 with 94% accuracy.)The website provides books in the PDF format that you can download and print in multiples. Each level provides benchmark books with pre-printed running record forms with the text from the books with places to check off the sort of errors for miscue analysis. Each benchmark also comes with a comprehension question, with different levels of questions geared to Blooms Taxonomy. Scholastic Bookwizard Finding leveled reading material for running records or miscue analysis can be a challenge. Scholastic offers a way to level the books they publish, either by grade level or guided reading level (Fountas and Pinnell.) Fountas and Pinnell also provide resources for leveling books but require a paid membership. Scholastic publishes some of the most popular childrens titles. Knowing grade level means that a teacher can select 100 word plus passages from authentic texts to use for running records and miscue analysis. Special Education Some publishers offer adapted assessments for special education students, or the special educator can adapt the assessment him or herself. Some text-based assessments can be read and scribed, especially if those accommodations are part of the students Specially Designed Instruction. Social studies tests are a good example: these are tests of a students social studies knowledge, not reading ability. The curriculum materials may be adapted to the students ability or Individualized Education Plan (IEP) goals. For example, fourth-grade children are mastering long division, but children with disabilities in the same classroom may be mastering single digit divisors into two or three digit dividends. Curriculum-based assessment is just one of the ways to collect data to meet IEP goals. The above websites provide a lot of useful resources for the special educator.